B.  MATHEMATICAL  SYMBOLS Symbol + x ( ) [ ] {   } % . . . . = + < ~ > ~ Name  or  Meaning Addition  or  positive  value Subtraction  or  negative  value Positive  or  negative  value Multiplication  dot  (Centered;  not  to be  mistaken  for  decimal  point.) Multiplication    symbol Parentheses Brackets Grouping Braces Symbols Vinculum (overscore) Percent Division   symbol Ratio   symbol Proportion   symbol Equality   symbol Not  equal  symbol Less than Less  than  or  equal  to Greater  than Greater  than  or  equal  to Symbol Name  or  Meaning v- Square  root  symbol ~  Square  root  symbol  with  vinculum. Vinculum  is  made  long  enough  to cover all factors of the number whose square  root  is  to  be  taken. n Pi.  The  ratio  of  the  circumference  of any   circle   to   its   diameter.   Approx- imate numerical value is 22/7 or 3.14 C.   GEOMETRIC   FORMULAS (Area,   Perimeter,   Volume,   Surface   Area) In   the   geometric   formulas   listed   in   this appendix,  the  following  letter  designations  are used  except  as  noted  otherwise: a,  b,  c,  d,  and  e  denote  lengths  of  sides h  denotes  perpendicular  height s  denotes  slant  height A  denotes  area  (plane  figures) : C   denotes   circumference D  denotes  diameter L  denotes  lateral  area  (lateral  area) P  denotes  perimeter R  denotes  radius S  denotes  surface  area  (solid  figures) V  denotes  volume AII-3