CHAPTER 1ENGINE SYSTEMSTo become a professional Equipment Operator, youmust understand the principles of operation ofautomotive and construction equipment. This chaptercovers the basic principles of engines, fuel systems, airinduction systems, lubrication systems, and coolingsystems on the equipment used by the Navy and theNaval Construction Force (NCF).INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINESAn engine is a device that converts heat energy intomechanical energy to perform work. An internalcombustion engine is any engine in which fuel is burnedwithin its body (fig. 1-1). The combustion that occurswithin the cylinders produces energy. This energymoves the parts of the engine that drives the equipment.Air and fuel are two elements needed to produceheat energy in an engine. Oxygen in the air is evenlymixed with the fuel and is vaporized. This mixtureallows for quick and even burning. The chemicalprocess that occurs when the air and fuel mixture in thecylinder is ignited is known as combustion.An engine uses both reciprocating motion androtary motion to transmit energy. Four parts of theengine work together to convert reciprocating motioninto rotary motion. These four parts are as follows: acylinder, a piston, a connecting rod, and a crankshaft(fig. 1-2). The piston and cylinder are matched parts,fitted closely to allow the piston to glide easily with littleclearance at the sides within the cylinder. The top of thecylinder is closed and has a space for the combustionchamber. The connecting rod transmits the up-and-downmotion of the piston to the crankshaft. The crankshaftFigure 1-1.-Basic elements of an engine.Figure 1-2.-Piston and crankshaft.1-1
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