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Digging Procedures
Figure  9-63.Foundation  excavation.

Equipment Operator Basic - Beginning construction equipment operators manual
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Figure  9-61.—Filling  the  bucket. JOB LAYOUT Many excavation jobs are small and routine. Other jobs may be quite extensive. On small jobs, you will normally be shown where to dig and to what depth you must dig. On larger jobs, you maybe shown the plan of the proposed ditches. Grade stakes on the projects are marked to indicate to what depth the ditches must be excavated. (Chapter 15 covers grade stakes in detail.) NOTE: Before  starting  any  excavation,  you  must ensure a valid digging permit is present that covers the area you are tasked to excavate. When arriving at the project site, you may notice two rows of grade stakes: one row on the center line of the proposed ditch and the other row offset a given distance from the center line. Do not disturb the offset stakes.  They  are  the  stakes  you  will  follow  while excavating the ditch that have information relative to the depth of the excavation written on the side. 9-27 Figure 9-62.—Measuring the depth of a ditch. As a guideline, you can use a string drawn taut from the first centerline stake to the following centerline stakes for a distance of several hundred feet ahead of the machine.  Then  spray  paint  over  the  string  with  a bright-colored paint that will mark the ground to be excavated.  With  the  bucket  centered  over  the  first centerline stake, you will be able to excavate the painted line. If you get off center, you can bring the backhoe back into alignment gradually by steering the machine in the desired direction. Check your grade (ditch depth) frequently. You can do this by using a straight board, a carpenter’s level, and a measuring stick or tape measure. Align the corner bottom of the horizontal board on the crowfoot cut, marking  of  the  offset  stake.  Place  the  level  on  the horizontal board and adjust the board opposite the stake until the level indicates the board is level. Measure from the bottom edge of the board to the bottom of the ditch, as shown in figure 9-62. This measurement should correspond to the amount of cut indicated on the stake. All of the stakes will be cut stakes. You should always try to excavate to the depth specified on the stakes. NOTE: It is better to excavate an inch or two below grade  than  not  excavate  deep  enough. FOUNDATION EXCAVATION The  backhoe  is  used  to  make  excavations  for basements or any other square- or rectangular-shaped job. It is also used extensively for digging wide trenches for laying water and sewer pipe. When the backhoe is used  for  the  digging  of  square-  or  rectangular-shaped jobs, the procedures may vary with the shape of the job, restrictions  caused  by  surrounding  buildings,  or  special







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