might be placing the spoil material might be an area forother construction tasking. Excavating at a jobsite mustbe a well-thought-out plan.SAFETYSafety precautions that apply when you operatefront-end loaders, backhoes, and excavators are asfollows:. Clear the immediate area of personnel orobstructions before starting the engine.. Keep the bucket as close to ground level aspossible when transporting loads on grades or slopes.. Never operate any control from any positionexcept in the operator’s seat.. Be extra careful when working on banks orhillsides.. Always keep the machine in gear when goingdown steep grades. Never coast or freewheel.. Drive at speeds slow enough to ensure safety andcomplete control especially over rough terrain.. Reduce speed when making turns or applyingbrakes.. Always lower the lift arms or boom to the groundor block them securely before performing any serviceor when leaving the machine unattended.. Never dismount the loader, backhoe, orexcavator when it is in motion.. Never permit anyone to ride on the equipment.. Do not oil, lubricate, or make adjustments whenthe engine is running or the bucket is raised andunblocked.. Never refuel when the engine is running.. Do NOT smoke when refueling.. Never operate in a closed area; provide properventilation.. Do not wear loose fitting clothing which maycatch in moving parts.. Always wear seat belts, steel toe safety shoes,hard hats, gloves, and other required personal protectiveequipment.9-29DITCHERSA ditcher, despite its name, is seldom used fordigging a ditch, which is a slot cut in the earth’s surfaceand left open. The ditcher is a mechanical excavatorused to dig trenches, which is a temporary cut in theearth for underground utilities, such as pipelines andconduit to handle water, fuel, electric cable, and sewage.Once these materials are placed, the trench is covered.Additionally, the ditcher may also be used to dig footersfor building foundations.All ditchers have bucket teeth (fig. 9-64). Theditcher teeth cut the earth and play a major role in howFigure 9-64.-Two basic bucket teeth designs.
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