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High Bank Cuts
Grader  Estimates

Equipment Operator Basic - Beginning construction equipment operators manual
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the blade should be extended well to the side and angled to side cast the windrow to the inside of the rear tires. The pile is reduced by using a series of side cuts, as shown in figure 10-31. Piles to be spread by a grader should be spread dumped as much as possible. The load to be spread is limited by the power and traction of the grader. When there is not enough room to use the wide side reach and the piles of material are not too high, the front wheels may be driven over the piles. The front axles push the top off the pile, and the blade cuts as much as power permits. The blade should be positioned well below its highest point, so when the grader gets hung up on the piles and loses traction, the blade can be raised to restore the weight to the rear wheels. When traction is lost and the tires spin, unnecessary tire wear increases. Road  Maintenance The ability of the grader to blade mix materials used as  road  surfaces  is  an  important  function  in  road maintenance. When  blade  mixing,  pitch  the  blade slightly forward and angled at about 30 degrees. This position gives the widest possible spread with maximum mixing action. In mixing, move the windrow from side to side by successive cuts with the blade. To  increase  production,  use  several  graders  to operate,  one  behind  another,  on  the  same  windrow  (fig. 10-32).  When  the  mixture  is  wet,  mixing  should continue until the mixture is dry. After mixing, the material is again side tasted into a windrow before spreading. During mixing, more bitumen or cement can be applied to any lean sections. All particles of the completed mix should be coated and uniform in color. Figure 10-31.—Wide side reach. Figure  10-32.—Blade-mixing  operation. Blade-mixing  operations  are  performed  as  rapidly as possible, consistent with the skill of the operator and the  condition  of  the  surface  being  maintained. However, when the grader is operated too fast, it will tend  to  bounce  and  give  the  surface  a  washboard appearance that will take additional time and passes to connect. When washboarding is not corrected, it will create unnecessary wear and tear on traffic using the road or work area. Snow  Removal Graders can be used for snow removal in the same way as a snowplow. The blade and circle are adjusted to side cast snow and slush the same as if side casting road materials. When the cutting edges are not removed and replaced with a strip of hard rubber bolted to the moldboard, raise the blade at least 1/2 to 1 inch when removing snow from uneven pavement or a runway surface. NOTE: Failure to make proper blade adjustments can result in not only damaging the cutting edges, moldboard, or grader, but also in gouging and tearing up the road or runway surface. Finish  Grading Finish grading is a fine cut or fill of a surface to get the final desired elevation. This phase of a grading operation  is  called  blue topping. Blue  topping  takes time  and  patience  even  for  experienced  operators. When  performing  blue  topping  operations,  make sure the grader cutting edges are not worn, the tires are the same size with the correct air pressure, and the tires are pointed in the right direction. Front tire treads should be pointed toward the rear, and rear tire treads should  be  pointed  toward  the  front.  Adjust  the  blade pitch all the way forward to scrape instead of cut. 10-14







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