Figure 12-74.Types of bearing piles.

Figure 12-75.Typical uses of piles driven in a waterfront structure.

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Figure 12-74.—Types of bearing piles. fairly soft soil that provides frictional resistance and then into a form layer which develops a load-carrying capacity by both end bearing and friction over a rather short length of embedment (fig. 12-74). 7. Batter piles. Piles driven at an angle with the vertical are called batter piles. They resist lateral or incline loads when such loads are huge or when the foundation material immediately beneath the structure fails to resist the lateral movement of vertical piles. They also may be used if piles are driven into a compressible soil to spread vertical loads over a large area thereby reducing final settlement. They may be used alone (battered in opposite directions) or with vertical piles. 8. Anchor piles. An anchor pile may be used to anchor bulkheads, retaining walls, and guy wires. They resist tension or uplift loads (fig. 12-75). 9. Dolphin piles. As shown in figure 12-75, dolphin piles are a group of piles driven close together in water and tied together so that the group will withstand lateral forces, such as boats and other floating objects. 10. Fender piles. As shown in figure 12-75, fender piles are driven in front of a structure to protect it from damage. 11. Foot of pile. As shown in figure 12-75, the foot of a pile is the lower end of a driven pile, which is the smaller end. 12. Guide piles. Piles used as a guide for driving other piles or serving as a support as a wale for sheetpiling. 13. Pile bent. Two or more piles driven in a row transverse to the long dimension of the structure and are fastened together by capping and (sometimes) bracing. 14. Pile foundation. A group of piles used to support a column or pier, a row of piles under a wall, or a number of piles distributed over a large area to support a mat foundation. 15. Pile group. A number of bearing piles driven close together to form a pile foundation. 16. Test piles. A pile driven to determine driving conditions and probable required lengths; one on which a loading test may also be made to find its load settlement properties and the carrying capacity of the soil and as a guide in designing pile foundations. 17. Timber piles. Common timber piles are usually straight tree trunks cut off aboveground swell, trimmed of branches, and the bark removed. A good timber pile has the following charac- teristics: • It is free of sharp bends, large or loose knots, splits or decay. • It has a straight line between centers of the butt and tip and lies within the body of the pile. • It has a uniform taper from butt to tip. 12-52

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