hydrodynamic torque converter, hydrostatic, or anelectric generator type.POWER TRAIN— All moving parts connecting anengine with the point or points where work isaccomplished.PRIME MOVER— A tractor or other vehicle used topull other machines.PROPELLER SHAFT— Usually a main drive shaftfitted with universal joints.PSI or psi— Pressure in pounds per square inch.PUMP, DIAPHRAGM— A pump that moves water bythe reciprocating motion of a diaphragm in achamber having inlet and outlet check valves.PUSHER— A tractor that pushes a scraper to help it pickup a load.RAKE BLADE— A dozer blade or attachment made ofspaced tines.RAKE, ROCK— A heavy-duty rake blade.RANGE POLE— A pole marked in alternate red andwhite bonds, 1 foot high.RED TOPS— Grade stakes with red tops to indicatefinish subgrade level, usually a 2-inch by 2-inch by6-inch hub stake.REFUSAL— The depth beyond which a pile cannot bedriven.RIPRAP— Heavy stones placed at the edge of the waterto protect the soil from waves or current.RIPPER— A towed machine, equipped with teeth, usedprimarily for loosening hard soil and soft rock.ROAD OIL— A heavy petroleum oil, usually one of theslow-curing (sc) grades.ROCK— The hard, firm, and stable parts of earth’s crust.ROTARY TILLER— A machine that loosens and mixessoil and vegetation by means of a high-speed rotorequipped with tines.RPM or rpm— Revolutions per minute.RUBBLE DRAINS— French drains.RULE OF THUMB— A statement or formula that is notexactly correct but is accurate enough for use inrough figuring.SAND— A loose soil, composed of particles between1/16 mm and 2 mm in diameter.SCRAPER (Carrying scraper) (Pan)— A digging,hauling, and grading machine, having a cuttingedge, a carrying bowl, a movable front wall (apron),and a dumping or ejecting mechanism.SCREEN— (1) A mesh or bar surface, used forseparating pieces or particles of different sizes. (2)A filter.SEIZE— To bind wire rope with soft wire to prevent itfrom raveling when it is cut.SEMITRAILER— A towed vehicle whose front rests onthe towing unit.SHEEPSFOOT— A tamping roller with feet expandedat their outer tips.SHOE— (1) A ground plate, forming a link of a track orbolted to a track link. (2) A support for a bulldozerblade or other digging edge to prevent cutting down.(3) A clean-up device following the buckets of aditching machine.SIDECASTING— Piling spoil alongside the excavationfrom which it is taken.SNATCH BLOCK— A pulley in a case that can be easilyfastened to lines or objects by means of a hook, ring,or shackle.SPILLWAY— An overflow channel for a pond or aterrace channel.SPROCKET— A gear that meshes with a chain or acrawler track.STOCKPILE— Material dug and piled for future use.STONE— Rock.SUPERCHARGER— A blower that increases the intakepressure of an engine.SURGE BIN— A compartment for temporary storage.SWELL (Growth)— Increase of bulk in soil or rockwhen it is dug or blasted.SWING LOCK— A swing lock is a mechanicalengagement device, not dependent on friction, tohold the upper structure in one or more fixedpositions with respect to the undercarriage. Whenprovided, it must be constructed to preventunintentional engagement or disengagement.SWING BRAKE (Dynamic)— A dynamic swing brakeis a device to stop, hold, or retard the rotating motionof the upper structure with respect to theundercarriage.SWITCHBACK— A hair-pin curve.AI-7
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