LOADER, FRONT-END— A tractor loader that bothdigs and dumps in front.LOAM— A soft easily worked soil, containing sand, silt,and clay.LOOSE YARDS— Measurement of soil or rock after ithas been loosened by digging or blasting.LOW BED— A machinery trailer with a low deck.LUFFING— Operation of changing the boom angle inthe vertical plane. See “BOOM HOIST.”LUG DOWN— To slow down an engine by increasingits load beyond its capacity.MASS DIAGRAM— A plotting of cumulative cuts andfills, used for engineering computation ofconstruction jobs.MINERAL DUST— The portion of the fine aggregatepassing the 0.075-mm (No. 200) sieve.MINERAL FILLER— A finely divided mineralproduct, at least 70 percent or which will pass a0.075-mm (No. 200) sieve. Pulverized limestone isthe most commonly manufactured filler, althoughother stone dust, hydrated lime, portland cement,and certain natural deposits of finely dividedmineral matter are also used.MISFIRE— Failure of all or part of an explosive chargeto go off.MOLDBOARD— A curved surface of a plow, dozerblade, grader blade, or other dirt-moving implementthat gives dirt moving over it a rotary, spiral, ortwisting movement.MUCK— Mud rich in humus.OIL— Any fluid lubricant, but not water.OPEN-GRADED ASPHALT FRICTIONCOURSE— A pavement surface course that consistsof high-void, asphalt plant mix that permits rapiddrainage of rainwater through the course and out theshoulder. The mixture is characterized by a largepercentage of one-sized coarse aggregate. Thiscourse prevents tire hydroplaning and provides askid-resistant pavement surface.OPTIMUM— Best.OSCILLATION— Independent movement through alimited range, usually on a hinge.OUTRIGGER— An outward extension of a frame thatis supported by a jack or block, used to increasestability.OVERBURDEN— Soil or rock lying on top of a payformation.PAN— A carrying scraper.PAWL— A tooth or set of teeth, designed to lock againsta ratchet.PENETRATION— The consistency of a bituminousmaterial expressed as a distance in tenths of amillimeter (0.1mm) that a standard needlepenetrates vertically a sample of the material underspecified conditions of loading, time, andtemperature.PERCENT OF GRADE— Measurement of slope,expressed as the ratio of the change in verticaldistance (rise) to the change in horizontal distance(run) multiplied by 100.PETCOCK— A small drain valve.PILE CAP— An adapter between the pile-driving unitand the upper end of the pile, used to center the pileunder the pile-driving unit and to reduce damage tothe upper end of the pile.PIONEERING— The first working over of rough orovergrown areas.PIONEER ROAD— A primitive, temporary road builtalong the route of a job to provide means for movingequipment and men.POND— A small lake.PORT— Left side of a ship or boat.POTHOLE— A small steel-sided hole caused by trafficwear.POWER EXTRACTOR— A unit hanging from thehoist line or block and attached to the upper end ofthe pile and containing within itself a member (ram)which is caused to reciprocate either by means ofexternally supplied air, steam, or hydraulic fluidunder pressure, or by internal combustion within theunit. Upward pull from the hoisting machinerysupplements the extraction forces.POWER PLANT— The power plant (or plants) includesthe prime power source (which may be an internalcombustion engine or electric motor) and the powertakeoff.POWER TAKEOFF— A place in a transmission orengine to which a shaft can be so attached as to drivean outside mechanism. A power takeoff may bedirect drive, friction clutch, fluid coupling,AI-6
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